Monday, May 22, 2017

Automated tagging and tracking

Flickr now analyzes image content and adds tags used for image search and other purposes. I don’t know what kinds of algorithms they use, but some notion of the methods can be inferred from the resulting tag labels.

I use Flickr mostly for a set of abstract patterns. This pattern, "diamond limit square”, resulted in the most tags. Comparing several images and their common tags gives a better idea of the image features and statistics that result in those tags:


A slightly less abstract photograph, “I Phone” resulted in only a few tags:


Twitter recently allowed some control over how account holders are sliced, diced and tracked, and your “interest” categories are available.

Twitter's Genius Tracking Methods Have Discovered That I Am Deeply Into Dads

Interests from Twitter
These are some of the interests matched to you based on your profile and activity. You can adjust them if something doesn't look right.

You have 54 interests from Twitter.

Interests from partners
Twitter's partners build audiences around shopping decisions, lifestyle, and other online and offline behaviors. 
You have 23 interests from partners.



Below are my 54 “interests from Twitter”. The 23 “interests from partners” is demographically oriented, and I'm not comfortable posting that willy-nilly. It’s all used for monetizing our eyeballs through predictive analytics, and this only reflects a small fraction, through a foggy window, of the personal data Twitter and other corporations curate and exploit.


Thursday, August 25, 2016

Tuesday, June 21, 2016

Theseus (1950)

 
Claude Shannon, in 1952, demonstrates and explains the operation of the electro-mechanical maze solving mouse machine, Theseus, that he and and his wife and collaborator Betty Shannon developed.

More info:
"Betty Shannon, Unsung Mathematical Genius", Scientific American, 2017-7-24



"Incidentally the things we learn for the telephone system have other applications."




The original video I liked to, below, has since been intentionally corrupted with auditory and visual noise and is almost unwatchable.  Perhaps this was done to get around copyright violations. How ironic for the source to be heavily corrupted while the communication channel is barely corrupted by noise, or at least is error corrected.



Monday, June 6, 2016

Martian drilled hole

After drilling into a sedimentary rock layer in Gale Crater, Curiosity is naturally curious as to what's in the hole. The MAHLI camera is used to get a closeup of the fine, clumpy dust around the perimeter of the hole, with a view into the hole. 

original images:
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl-raw-images/msss/01361/mhli/1361MH0003990010502189C00_DXXX.jpg 
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl-raw-images/msss/01361/mhli/1361MH0003990010502195C00_DXXX.jpg











The diameter of the hole is about 1.6 cm.


Here the dark interior values are stretched to increase the contrast on bits and pieces at the bottom of the hole:

 (stereo pair, cross-view)


 Detail across center of the same images:

 (stereo pair, cross-view)
































Another MAHLI photo with artificial light, focused near the bottom of the hole (http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl-raw-images/msss/01365/mhli/1365MH0006210000502375R00_DXXX.jpg):

Thursday, April 14, 2016

2D simulation, 1


A 2D simulation of perfectly elastic collisions of a set of circles with two fixed line segments, with constant vertical acceleration. The circles don't mutually interact or have rotational inertia.

A full cycle of the periodic trajectories of the circles on the left is shown. The other circles bounce out of the trough after several cycles.



Same physics and geometry, except with an initial vertical arrangement of circles. A full cycle of the circle with the longest period (white, top) is shown.



For this second initial configuration, here's a representation of the full range of positions the circles will occupy:



Processing code:

//
// Circle_vs_line_v15
//
// Physics simulation, composed of 2-D elastic collisions of a
// mobile circle with fixed lines.
//
// Mark Dow,      April 13, 2016 (v12, multiple non-interacting circles, equal timesteps)
// Mark Dow,      April 13, 2016 (v13, tic-toc-tuc geometry)
// Mark Dow,      April 14, 2016 (v15, multiple particle logic corrections)

import processing.sound.*;

float TAU = 2*PI;

Line[] Lines   = new Line[2];
Circle[] Circs = new Circle[25];
// Circle[] Circs = new Circle[22];


boolean bPaused         = false;
boolean bTrails         = false;
boolean bStep           = false;
boolean bShowOrnaments  = false;

float tSim = 0.0; // Simulation time.
                  // Drawing of all elements occurs at integral boundaries of the time,
                  // but updates occur if collisions (strong interactions) occur within
                  // one of these timesteps.

TriOsc triOsc;
Env env;

float attackTime   = 0.001;
float sustainTime  = 0.0;
float sustainLevel = 0.5;
float releaseTime  = 0.0;

void setup() {
    
//    size( 750, 750 );
    size( 540, 540 );
    
    //Circs[0] = new Circle( new PVector(  51, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), color(255,0,0) );
    //Circs[1] = new Circle( new PVector(  77, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), color(255,255,0) );
    //Circs[2] = new Circle( new PVector( 103, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), color(0,255,0) );
    //Circs[3] = new Circle( new PVector( 129, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), color(0,128,255) );
    //Circs[4] = new Circle( new PVector( 155, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), color(128,0,255) );
    for ( int iC = 0; iC < Circs.length; iC++ ){
//        Circs[iC] = new Circle( new PVector(  51 + 16*iC, -280 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), 
//        Circs[iC] = new Circle( new PVector(  50 + 18*iC, -80 ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), 
        Circs[iC] = new Circle( new PVector(  160, -20 - 12*iC ), new PVector( 0, 0 ), 
                                color( max(0,255-iC*5), max(0,255-iC*10), max(0,255-iC*15) ) );
    }

    // Corner-well lines.
    int xVertex =  320;
    int yVertex = -440;
    float lengthCWLine0 = 410;
    float lengthCWLine1 = 340;
    float alpha = 3*TAU/8;
//    float beta  = TAU/8;
    float beta  = TAU/8 +.2318240;
    float dx1 = lengthCWLine0 * cos( alpha );
    float dy1 = lengthCWLine0 * sin( alpha );
    float dx2 = lengthCWLine1 * cos( beta );
    float dy2 = lengthCWLine1 * sin( beta );
    Lines[0] = new Line( new PVector( xVertex, yVertex ), new PVector( xVertex+dx1, yVertex+dy1 ) );
    Lines[1] = new Line( new PVector( xVertex, yVertex ), new PVector( xVertex+dx2, yVertex+dy2 ) );
    
    background( 140, 200, 255 );
    
    // Create triangle wave and envelope.
    triOsc = new TriOsc(this);
    env    = new Env(this); 
}

void draw() {
    
    if ( !bPaused || bStep ) {
        
        // Find if a collision will occur within the next time step, and if so the
        // minimum time to collision.
        float tcLineMin = -1;
        float tcLineNext;
        int iLMin = -1;
        int iCMin = -1;
        
        // For each circle:
        for ( int iC = 0; iC < Circs.length; iC++ ){
                    
            // For each line:
            for ( int iL = 0; iL < Lines.length; iL++ ){
                
                // Time to collision with line.
                tcLineNext = Circs[iC].TimeToCollisionWithLine( Lines[iL], 1.0, bShowOrnaments );
                
                // If collision will occur within the next time step:
                if ( tcLineNext != -1.0 && tcLineNext < 1.0 ) {
                    
// println( " " );
// println( tcLineNext );
                    // Time to collision with line with better time to collision estimate.
                    tcLineNext = Circs[iC].TimeToCollisionWithLine( Lines[iL], tcLineNext, bShowOrnaments );
// println( tcLineNext );
                
                    // If collision will occur within the next time step and is earliest so far:
                    if (   ( tcLineNext != -1.0 && tcLineNext < 1.0 )
                        && ( tcLineNext < tcLineMin && tcLineMin > 0 ) || tcLineMin < 0 ) {
                        
                        // New earliest time to collision.
                        tcLineMin = tcLineNext;
                        iLMin = iL;
                        iCMin = iC;

// To Do: Handle simultaneous collisions.
                    }
                }
            }
        }
            
        float tNext = (float) Math.ceil( tSim ) - tSim;
        if ( tNext == 0 ) { tNext = 1.0; }
            
        // If collision will occur within this time step:
        if ( iLMin != -1 && tcLineMin <= tNext ) {
            
//println( tSim - (float) Math.floor( tSim ) );                
            // For each circle:
            for ( int iC = 0; iC < Circs.length; iC++ ){
            
                // Update all cicles to collision timepoint, pre-collision.
                Circs[iC].update( tcLineMin );
            }
            
            // Update collision, post-collision.
            Circs[iCMin].UpdateCollisionWithLine( Lines[iLMin], bShowOrnaments );
            tSim += tcLineMin;
            
            // Draw at collision timepoint, not at timestep boundaries.
            Circs[iCMin].display( false );

// println( tcLineMin );
// println( tSim );
            // Collision sound effect.
            triOsc.play();
            env.play(triOsc, attackTime, sustainTime, sustainLevel, releaseTime);
        }
        // Else no collision before timestep boundary:
        else {
                                
            // For each circle:
            for ( int iC = 0; iC < Circs.length; iC++ ){
                
                // Update to timestep boundary.
                Circs[iC].update( tNext );
            }
            
            tSim += tNext;

            if ( bTrails ) {
                
                // Draw fading background.
                fill( 140, 200, 255, 5 ); noStroke();
                rect( 0, 0, width, height );
            }
            else {
            
                background( 140, 200, 255 );
            }
        
            for( Circle c : Circs ) { c.display( true ); }
// To Do: Do static lines need to be displayed every frame?
            for( Line l : Lines ) { l.display(); }
            
//// Saves each frame as line-000001.png, line-000002.png, etc.
//saveFrame("test-###.png");
        }
    }
    
    bStep = false;
    showKeyCommands();
//    println( tSim );
}

void keyPressed() {
    
         if ( key ==  't' ) { bTrails = !bTrails; }
    else if ( key ==  's' ) { bStep = true; }
    else if ( key ==  'p' ) { bPaused = !bPaused; }
    else if ( key ==  'o' ) { bShowOrnaments = !bShowOrnaments; }
    else {
       
        background( 140, 200, 255 );
        setup();
        bPaused = true;
        
// To Do: Update to next timestep boundary before display.
        for( Circle c : Circs ) { c.display( true ); }
        for( Line l : Lines )   { l.display(); }
    }
}

//void mousePressed() {
//    
//  bPaused  = !bPaused; 
//}

void showKeyCommands() {
    
    color clrON   = color( 255, 150, 150 );
    color clrOFF  = color( 150, 150, 255 );
    color clrGRAY = color( 190, 190, 190  );

    fill( clrOFF );
    text( "n - new ball",  5, height - 20 );
    
    if ( bPaused ) { fill( clrON ); } else { fill( clrOFF ); }
    text( "p - pause",    75, height - 5 );
    
    fill( clrGRAY );
    if ( bPaused ) { fill( clrOFF ); }
    text( "s - step",    145, height - 5 );
    
    // Show state of trails, by color and/or button rectangle.
    if ( bTrails ) { fill( clrON ); } else { fill( clrOFF ); }
    text( "t - trails",    5, height - 5 );
    
//    if ( bShowOrnaments ) { fill( clrON ); } else { fill( clrOFF ); }
//    text( "o - ornaments", 200, height - 5 );
}

class Circle {
    
    float r;
    PVector g;
    PVector position;
    PVector velocity;
    color clrFill;
    
    float phi; // velocity direction angle, where CCW is positive relative to the x-axis
    
    Circle( PVector pos_, PVector vel_, color clr_ ) {
        
        r = 12;
        g = new PVector( 0, -.4 );
        
        position = new PVector( pos_.x, pos_.y );
        velocity = new PVector( vel_.x, vel_.y );
        
        clrFill = clr_;
    }
    
    void update( float tFraction ) {
        
        // Increment velocity and position, using a discrete linear approximation.
        //     p( t + Dt ) = p ( t )  + Dt * Dp/Dt
        //     v( t + Dt ) = v ( t )  + Dt * Dv/Dt
        
        // Insure temporal symmetry by treating the first and second half of the
        // temporal increment equivalently.
        //     v( t + Dt/2 ) = v ( t )  + Dt/2 * Dv/Dt
        //     p( t + Dt )   = p ( t )  + Dt   * v( t + Dt/2 )
        //     v( t + Dt )   = v ( t )  + Dt * Dv/Dt = v( t + Dt/2 ) + Dt/2 * Dv/Dt
        
        // update velocity based on acceleration, first half increment
        PVector dg = PVector.mult( g, .5*tFraction );
        velocity.add( dg );
        
        // update position based on velocity
        PVector dv = PVector.mult( velocity, tFraction );
        position.add( dv );
        
        // update velocity based on acceleration, second half increment
        dg = PVector.mult( g, .5*tFraction );
        velocity.add( dg );
    }
    
    void display( boolean bTBoundary ) {
        
        stroke(0); strokeWeight(1);
        if ( bTBoundary ) {
            fill( clrFill );
        }
        else {
//            noFill();
            fill( clrFill, 92 );
        }
        ellipse( position.x, -position.y, 2*r-3, 2*r-3 );
    }
    
    void UpdateCollisionWithLine( Line line, boolean bShowOrnaments ) {
        
        phi = atan2( velocity.y, velocity.x );
        
//        println( " " );
//        println( "line angle:   " + degrees(line.theta) );
//        println( "ball angle in: " + degrees(b.phi) );
        
        // Collision and rebound of ball with line.
        // Update velocity change due to collision (but don't update 
        // position or velocity change due to gravity).
        float vel_in_mag = velocity.mag();
    
        velocity.x = vel_in_mag * cos( 2*line.theta - phi );
        velocity.y = vel_in_mag * sin( 2*line.theta - phi );
        
        if ( bShowOrnaments ) {
            
            // Draw ball's Vout vector.
            stroke( 255, 0, 0 );
            line( position.x, -position.y, position.x + 10*velocity.x, -position.y - 10*velocity.y );
        }
                
        phi = atan2( velocity.y, velocity.x );
        
//        println( "ball angle out: "     + degrees(phi)   );
//        println( "ball speed in: "      + vel_in_mag   );
//        println( "ball speed out: "     + velocity.mag() );
    }
    
    float TimeToCollisionWithLine( Line line, float tFraction_est, boolean bShowOrnaments ) {
        
        // Velocity at half estimated time increment.
        PVector dg = PVector.mult( g, 0.5*tFraction_est ); //<>// //<>//
        PVector velocity_next = new PVector( velocity.x, velocity.y );
        velocity_next.add( dg );
        
        float phi_in = atan2( velocity_next.y, velocity_next.x );

//        // Side of line, using y-value:
//        //    a*x + b*y + c = 0;
//        //                y = ( -c - ax )/b
//        // Note: Fails with b == 0, a vertical line.
//        float signAbove = -1;
//        float yl_bx = ( -line.C - line.A*b.position.x ) / line.B;
//        if ( b.position.y > yl_bx ) {
//            signAbove = 1;
//        }
        
        // Perpendicular distance change numerator:                              
        float pv = line.A*position.x + line.B*position.y + line.C;
        float p_dir = pv/abs(pv);     // above or below line?
//        float dpv = line.A*velocity_next.x + line.B*velocity_next.y + line.C;
//        float dp_dir = dpv/abs(dpv);
        
        // Find contact point on circle. This is the point where the tangent matches the
        // line orientation, on the side of the circle nearest to the line.
        float xposC_b = position.x + r*cos( line.theta + p_dir*PI/2 );
        float yposC_b = position.y + r*sin( line.theta + p_dir*PI/2 );
        
        // Perpendicular distance between contact point on circle and line,
        // using line standard coefficients:        
        //    distance( ax + by + c = 0, (x0,y0) ) = | ax0 + by0 + c | / sqrt( a^2 + b^2 )
        float perp_dist =   abs(  line.A*xposC_b + line.B*yposC_b + line.C ) 
                          / sqrt( line.A*line.A + line.B*line.B );
                          
        float a_incidence = PI/2 + phi_in - line.theta;
        if ( p_dir > 0 ) a_incidence += PI;
        if ( a_incidence >  PI ) a_incidence -= 2*PI;
        if ( a_incidence < -PI ) a_incidence += 2*PI;
        
        // Point on line closest to contact point on circle (and position, center, of circle):
        // x = ( b*(  b*x0 - a*y0 ) - a*c )/ ( a^2 + b^2 )
        // y = ( a*( -b*x0 + a*y0 ) + b*c )/ ( a^2 + b^2 )
        float xcl =   ( line.B*(  line.B*position.x - line.A*position.y ) - line.A*line.C )
                    / ( line.A*line.A + line.B*line.B ); 
        float ycl =   ( line.A*( -line.B*position.x + line.A*position.y ) - line.B*line.C )
                    / ( line.A*line.A + line.B*line.B ); 
        
        // If showing ornaments and near to line:
        if ( bShowOrnaments && perp_dist <= 3*r ) {
            
            line( xposC_b, -yposC_b, xcl, -ycl );
            
            println( " " );

            println( "perpendicular distance:   " + perp_dist );
            println( "angle of incidence:   " + degrees( a_incidence ) );
        }
        
//       println( "perpendicular distance:   " + perp_dist );
        
        // If circle is moving toward the line:
        if (   a_incidence > -PI/2
            && a_incidence <  PI/2 ) {
            
            float tIntersect = perp_dist / ( velocity_next.mag()*cos(a_incidence) );
            
            //// Position at intersection with projection of line.
            //float xposIntersect = position.x + velocity_next.x*tIntersect;
            //float yposIntersect = position.y + velocity_next.y*tIntersect;
        
            // If closest (contact) point is between the line endpoints:
            if (   xcl >= line.end1.x
                && xcl <= line.end2.x
                && ycl >= min( line.end2.y, line.end1.y )
                && ycl <= max( line.end2.y, line.end1.y ) ) {
// To Do: Order these line endpoints on creation?
             
                // time_to_collision = distance_to_collision / speed_of_approach
//                println( " " );
//                println( "time to collision with a line: " + tIntersect );
                return tIntersect;
            }
            else {
                
                return -1.0;
            }
        }
        
        return -1.0; //<>//
    }
}

class Line {
    
    PVector end1;
    PVector end2;
    
    float A, B, C;
    float theta;
    
    Line( PVector end1_, PVector end2_ ) {
        
        if ( end1_.x < end2_.x ) {
            end1 = end1_;
            end2 = end2_;
        }
        else {
            end1 = end2_;
            end2 = end1_;
        }
        
        // Standard form of line coefficients:
        //     Ax + By + C = 0       
        if ( end2.x - end1.x != 0 ) {
            
            A = ( end2.y - end1.y ) / ( end2.x - end1.x );     // slope
            B = -1;
            C = end1.y - (end1.x * A);                         // intercept
        }
        else {
            
            A = 1;
            B = 0;
            C = -end1.x;
        }
        
        theta = atan2( end2.y-end1.y, end2.x-end1.x );
    }
    
    void display() {
        
        strokeWeight(2);
        stroke( 0, 0, 0 );
        line( end1.x, -end1.y, end2.x, -end2.y );
    }
}